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Artificial intelligence and machine learning are accelerating research in Earth system science, with huge potential for impact and challenges in ocean prediction. Such algorithms are being deployed on different aspects of the forecasting workflow with the aim of improving its speed and skill. They include pattern classification and anomaly detection; regression and diagnostics; and state prediction from nowcasting to synoptic, sub-seasonal, and seasonal forecasting. This brief review emphasizes scientific machine learning methods that have the capacity to embed domain knowledge; to ensure interpretability through causal explanation, to be robust and reliable; to involve effectively high-dimensional statistical methods, supporting multi-scale and multi-physics simulations aimed at improving parameterization; and to drive intelligent automation, as well as decision support. An overview of recent numerical developments is discussed, highlighting the importance of fully data-driven ocean models for future expansion of ocean forecasting capabilities. 

Abstract Comparative studies rely on the identification of homologous traits, which is challenging especially when adult stages alone are available. Inferring homology from developmental series represents the most reliable approach to recognize similar phenotypes. The primate nasal cavity exhibits a plastic morphology (shape) and topology (structure) which challenge the terminology of turbinals. Turbinal development largely corresponds to the therian template: turbinals emerge from the cartilaginous nasal capsule, ossify endochondrally, and increase their size through appositional bone growth. We studied histological serial sections and µCT data of eleven primate species in six genera representing four to five age stages (fetal to adult), and the neonate and adult stage of another primate species. We reconstructed cartilaginous precursors and followed their growth patterns until adulthood to inform the identification of structures. The developmental stages were transformed to character states for better comparison across the sample. Strepsirrhines conserved the plesiomorphic condition, with turbinal morphology similar to other placentals. In contrast, haplorhines showed a reduced turbinal number. Most strikingly, some cartilaginous turbinals are absent in the ossified nasal cavity (Saguinus); others seem to emerge as appositional bone without a cartilaginous precursor (Aotus,Pithecia). Our observation that successive developmental sequences differ from the established placental template emphasizes the significance of ontogenetic series for comparative anatomy. Structures which exhibit analogous growth patterns might be falsely considered as being homologous in adults, resulting in biased phenotypic data that strongly affects comparative analyses (e.g., phylogenetic reconstructions). 

Abstract This special issue of The Anatomical Record is inspired by and dedicated to Professor Kunwar P. Bhatnagar, whose lifelong interests in biology, and long career studying bats, inspired many and advanced our knowledge of the world's only flying mammals. The 15 articles included here represent a broad range of investigators, treading topics familiar to Prof. Bhatnagar, who was interested in seemingly every aspect of bat biology. Key topics include broad themes of bat development, sensory systems, and specializations related to flight and diet. These articles paint a complex picture of the fascinating adaptations of bats, such as rapid fore limb development, ear morphologies relating to echolocation, and other enhanced senses that allow bats to exploit niches in virtually every part of the world. In this introduction, we integrate and contextualize these articles within the broader story of bat ecomorphology, providing an overview of each of the key themes noted above. This special issue will serve as a springboard for future studies both in bat biology and in the broader world of mammalian comparative anatomy and ecomorphology. 

Abstract Multiprincipal-element alloys are an enabling class of materials owing to their impressive mechanical and oxidation-resistant properties, especially in extreme environments^1,2. Here we develop a new oxide-dispersion-strengthened NiCoCr-based alloy using a model-driven alloy design approach and laser-based additive manufacturing. This oxide-dispersion-strengthened alloy, called GRX-810, uses laser powder bed fusion to disperse nanoscale Y₂O₃particles throughout the microstructure without the use of resource-intensive processing steps such as mechanical or in situ alloying^3,4. We show the successful incorporation and dispersion of nanoscale oxides throughout the GRX-810 build volume via high-resolution characterization of its microstructure. The mechanical results of GRX-810 show a twofold improvement in strength, over 1,000-fold better creep performance and twofold improvement in oxidation resistance compared with the traditional polycrystalline wrought Ni-based alloys used extensively in additive manufacturing at 1,093 °C^5,6. The success of this alloy highlights how model-driven alloy designs can provide superior compositions using far fewer resources compared with the ‘trial-and-error’ methods of the past. These results showcase how future alloy development that leverages dispersion strengthening combined with additive manufacturing processing can accelerate the discovery of revolutionary materials. 

Abstract Nasal anatomy in rodents is well-studied, but most current knowledge is based on small-bodied muroid species. Nasal anatomy and histology of hystricognaths, the largest living rodents, remains poorly understood. Here, we describe the nasal cavity of agoutis ( Dasyprocta spp.), the first large-bodied South American rodents to be studied histologically throughout the nasal cavity. Two adult agoutis were studied using microcomputed tomography, and in one of these, half the snout was serially sectioned and stained for microscopic study. Certain features are notable in Dasyprocta . The frontal recess has five turbinals within it, the most in this space compared to other rodents that have been studied. The nasoturbinal is particularly large in dorsoventral and rostrocaudal dimensions and is entirely non-olfactory in function, in apparent contrast to known muroids. Whether this relates solely to body size scaling or perhaps also relates to directing airflow or conditioning inspired air requires further study. In addition, olfactory epithelium appears more restricted to the olfactory and frontal recesses compared to muroids. At the same time, the rostral tips of the olfactory turbinals bear at least some non-olfactory epithelium. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that turbinals are multifunctional structures, indicating investigators should use caution when categorizing turbinals as specialized for one function (e.g., olfaction or respiratory air-conditioning). Caution may be especially appropriate in the case of large-bodied mammals, in which the different scaling characteristics of respiratory and olfactory mucosa result in relative more of the former type as body size increases. 

Abstract Motivated by the hemispheric asymmetry of land distribution on Earth, we explore the climate of Northland, a highly idealized planet with a Northern Hemisphere continent and a Southern Hemisphere ocean. The climate of Northland can be separated into four distinct regions: the Southern Hemisphere ocean, the seasonally wet tropics, the midlatitude desert, and the Great Northern Swamp. We evaluate how modifying land surface properties on Northland drives changes in temperatures, precipitation patterns, the global energy budget, and atmospheric dynamics. We observe a surprising response to changes in land surface evaporation, where suppressing terrestrial evaporation in Northland cools both land and ocean. In previous studies, suppressing terrestrial evaporation has been found to lead to local warming by reducing latent cooling of the land surface. However, reduced evaporation can also decrease atmospheric water vapor, reducing the strength of the greenhouse effect and leading to large-scale cooling. We use a set of idealized climate model simulations to show that suppressing terrestrial evaporation over Northern Hemisphere continents of varying size can lead to either warming or cooling of the land surface, depending on which of these competing effects dominates. We find that a combination of total land area and contiguous continent size controls the balance between local warming from reduced latent heat flux and large-scale cooling from reduced atmospheric water vapor. Finally, we demonstrate how terrestrial heat capacity, albedo, and evaporation all modulate the location of the ITCZ both over the continent and over the ocean. 

The sphenoid bone articulates with multiple basicranial, facial, and calvarial bones, and in humans its synchondroses are known to contribute to elongation of the skull base and possibly to cranial base angulation. Its early development (embryological, early fetal) has frequently been studied in a comparative context. However, the perinatal events in morphogenesis of the sphenoid have been explored in very few primates. Using a cross-sectional age sample of non-human primates (n=39; 22 platyrrhines; 17 strepsirrhines), we used microcomputed tomographic (µCT) and histological methods to track age changes in the sphenoid bone. In the midline, the sphenoid expands its dimensions at three growth centers, including the sphenooccipital, intrasphenoidal (ISS) and presphenoseptal (PSept) synchondroses. Bilaterally, the alisphenoid is enlarged via appositional bone growth that radiates outward from cartilaginous parts of the alisphenoid during midfetal stages. The alisphenoid remains connected to the basitrabecular process of the basisphenoid via the alibasisphenoidal synchondrosis (ABS). Reactivity to proliferating cell-nuclear antigen is observed in all synchondroses, indicating active growth perinatally. Between mid-fetal and birth ages in Saguinus geoffroyi , all synchondroses decrease in the breadth of proliferating columns of chondrocytes. In most primates, the ABS is greatly diminished by birth, and is likely the earliest to fuse, although at least some cartilage may remain by at least one-month of age. Unlike humans, no non-human primate in our sample exhibits perinatal fusion of ISS. A dichotomy among primates is the orientation of the ABS, which is more rostrally directed in platyrrhines. Based on fetal Saguinus geoffroyi specimens, the ABS was initially oriented within a horizontal plane, and redirects inferiorly during late fetal and perinatal stages. These changes occur in tandem with forward orientation of the orbits in platyrrhines, combined with downward growth of the midface. Thus, we postulate that active growth centers direct the orientation of the midface and orbit before birth.